The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics
Maryland Orthopedic Specialists
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Knee

ITB Syndrome (Iliotibial Band Syndrome)

Iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome is the most common cause of lateral knee pain in runners, accounting for up to 12% of all running injuries. It is an overuse condition caused by repetitive friction of the ITB over the lateral femoral epicondyle, and it responds extremely well to structured physical therapy when the underlying biomechanical contributors are addressed. At Maryland Orthopedic Specialists, our sports medicine physicians combine clinical examination with training load analysis to create individualized return-to-run programs.

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What is itb syndrome (iliotibial band syndrome)?

The iliotibial band is a thick fascial band running from the iliac crest, along the lateral thigh, and inserting on Gerdy's tubercle on the lateral tibial plateau. The tendon can produce pain with repetitive motion activities such as running or cycling.

The iliotibial band is a thick fascial band running from the iliac crest, along the lateral thigh, and inserting on Gerdy's tubercle on the lateral tibial plateau. At approximately 30° of knee flexion — the angle at which the foot strikes the ground during running — the ITB transitions from anterior to posterior relative to the lateral femoral epicondyle, creating repetitive friction or compression of the tissue in this "impingement zone."

Contributing factors:

  • Sudden training load increases ("too much too soon")
  • Running on cambered roads or banked tracks
  • Worn footwear losing lateral support
  • Hip abductor weakness (gluteus medius) — increases the Trendelenburg lean and ITB tension
  • Leg length discrepancy; excessive foot pronation
  • High weekly mileage in competitive runners

Treatment options

IT band syndrome responds well to conservative care — the vast majority of patients recover fully without surgery.

Physical Therapy

The cornerstone of treatment. Focuses on gluteus medius and minimus strengthening to reduce Trendelenburg sway and ITB tension at foot strike, ITB and hip flexor stretching, and running mechanics coaching to increase cadence and reduce hip adduction during stance. This is the most evidence-supported intervention and should begin as soon as symptoms allow.

Training Modification

Temporarily reduce running volume and avoid cambered surfaces and excessive hills during recovery. Cross-training with cycling or swimming maintains fitness without aggravating the compression zone. Address any training errors — mileage spikes and inadequate recovery are the most common culprits.

Corticosteroid injection

An injection into the lateral femoral epicondyle bursa provides effective short-term pain relief and reduces inflammation at the compression zone. It is particularly useful to break a painful cycle and allow physical therapy to begin, but should not be used as a stand-alone treatment without concurrent rehabilitation.

Orthotics and footwear

Supportive footwear or custom orthotic insoles to address excessive foot pronation. Replace worn running shoes, which lose lateral support before they look worn out.

Surgical Procedure

Knee Arthroscopy

Minimally invasive joint scope using small portals to directly visualize and treat intra-articular knee pathology — meniscal tears, cartilage defects, loose bodies, synovitis, and ligament assessment — as an outpatient procedure.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I keep running with ITB syndrome?
A temporary reduction in volume is typically required during the acute painful phase. Most athletes can maintain cardiovascular fitness with cycling or aquatic running. Return to running proceeds gradually after pain-free strength and flexibility targets are met.
Does foam rolling the ITB help?
Foam rolling the ITB itself is commonly prescribed but evidence for its direct therapeutic benefit is limited. Rolling the TFL and glutes (the soft-tissue proximal to the ITB origin) and addressing hip abductor strength are more reliably effective.
What causes ITB syndrome, and why does it hurt on the outside of my knee?
ITB syndrome is caused by repetitive friction of the iliotibial band — a thick band of connective tissue running along the outer thigh — as it slides back and forth over the lateral femoral epicondyle (a bony prominence on the outside of the knee) with each step or pedal stroke. This friction leads to inflammation and pain specifically at the outer knee. Contributing factors include a sudden increase in training volume, hip abductor weakness, running on cambered surfaces, and anatomical variations such as a wider pelvis or bow-legged alignment.
How long does ITB syndrome take to heal?
Mild to moderate ITB syndrome typically improves within four to eight weeks with relative rest, a gradual reduction in training load, and a structured physical therapy program targeting hip strength and running mechanics. Severe or chronic cases may take three to six months to fully resolve. Returning to running too quickly is the most common reason for setbacks, so your MOS provider will help you follow a progressive return-to-activity plan that keeps your training moving forward while protecting the healing tissue.
Will I ever need surgery for ITB syndrome?
The vast majority of patients — well over 90 percent — recover fully with non-surgical treatment, making surgery quite rare for ITB syndrome. When conservative measures including physical therapy, activity modification, anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroid injections have not provided relief after six months or more, surgical release or lengthening of the ITB may be considered. At MOS we exhaust all non-operative options first and thoroughly discuss expectations and recovery before recommending any procedure.

Meet the specialists

Christopher S. Raffo, MD

Christopher S. Raffo, MD

Orthopedic Surgery · Sports Medicine

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John J. Christoforetti, MD

John J. Christoforetti, MD

Orthopedic Surgery · Sports Medicine · Hip Preservation Surgery

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James S. Gardiner, MD

James S. Gardiner, MD

Orthopedic Surgery · Sports Medicine

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Medically reviewed by Christopher S. Raffo, MD
Last reviewed June 15, 2026

References

  1. Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H, et al. "The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee: implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome." Journal of Anatomy. 2006;208(3):309–316. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00531.x
  2. Fredericson M, Wolf C. "Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: innovations in treatment." Sports Medicine. 2005;35(5):451–459. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535050-00006
  3. Beers A, Ryan M, Kasubuchi Z, Fraser S, Taunton JE. "Effects of multi-modal physiotherapy, including hip-abductor strengthening, in patients with iliotibial band friction syndrome." Physiotherapy Canada. 2008;60(2):180–188. doi:10.3138/physio.60.2.180
  4. OrthoInfo — AAOS. "Iliotibial Band Syndrome." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/iliotibial-band-syndrome