A biceps tendon rupture refers to the tearing or complete detachment of the tendon that connects the biceps muscle to the shoulder or elbow. This injury typically occurs due to sudden, forceful movements or repetitive overuse. Symptoms include sudden, sharp pain at the site of the injury, swelling, bruising, and weakness in the affected arm. In cases of a complete rupture, a bulge or "Popeye deformity" may be visible in the upper arm. Treatment options range from conservative measures such as rest, ice, and physical therapy for partial tears, to surgical repair for complete ruptures, especially if functional impairment is significant.

Most Common Biceps Tendon Rupture

Below are the most common types of biceps tendon ruptures:

Distal biceps tendon rupture

A distal biceps tendon rupture is characterized by a tear near the elbow, where the biceps tendon attaches to the radius bone. This injury often occurs during activities involving heavy lifting or forceful contraction of the biceps muscle, such as weightlifting or manual labor. Symptoms include acute pain, weakness, and a noticeable bulge or deformity in the lower arm, signaling the retracted muscle belly.

Treatment typically involves surgical repair to reattach the torn tendon and restore strength and function to the arm, followed by a period of rehabilitation to regain mobility and strength.

Proximal biceps tendon rupture

Proximal biceps tendon ruptures manifest at the shoulder, where the tendon attaches to the humerus bone. These injuries can result from sudden trauma or degenerative changes in the tendon over time, often seen in older individuals. Symptoms encompass localized pain, weakness, and a discernible gap or deformity in the upper arm, indicative of the displaced tendon.

Treatment options range from conservative measures such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications to surgical intervention for tendon repair or reconstruction, depending on the severity and patient's goals.

Partial biceps tendon tear

Partial biceps tendon tears involve incomplete damage to the biceps tendon, where the tendon fibers remain partially intact. This type of injury can produce symptoms akin to a full rupture, including localized pain, weakness, and restricted range of motion in the affected arm. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like MRI to assess the extent of the tear accurately.

Treatment strategies may include conservative approaches such as activity modification, bracing, and physical therapy to alleviate symptoms and promote tendon healing, although severe cases may necessitate surgical intervention.

Subluxation or dislocation of the biceps tendon

Subluxation or dislocation of the biceps tendon occurs when the tendon abnormally slips out of its groove within the shoulder joint or bicipital groove. This condition often presents with episodes of shoulder pain, instability, and decreased function, particularly during overhead movements or strenuous activities.

Treatment approaches may include conservative measures like rest, immobilization, and physical therapy to strengthen surrounding musculature and improve joint stability. In refractory cases, surgical intervention may be warranted to reposition the tendon and restore normal shoulder function.