Bunions

Structural bunions are the most typical type and occur when the joint at the base of the big toe becomes misaligned, causing the big toe to drift towards the second toe. This misalignment creates a bony prominence on the inner side of the foot, known as a bunion. Structural bunions often result from biomechanical issues, such as flat feet or abnormal foot mechanics, combined with genetic predispositions.

Acquired bunions develop over time due to repetitive stress or pressure on the big toe joint. Factors contributing to acquired bunions include wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes, high heels, or participating in activities that place excessive strain on the feet. Over time, this pressure can cause the joint to become misaligned, leading to the formation of a bunion.

Juvenile bunions occur in children and adolescents and are often associated with developmental abnormalities or biomechanical issues in the feet. These bunions may develop during periods of rapid growth or as a result of congenital conditions such as metatarsus adductus (a foot deformity characterized by a curved or "C-shaped" foot).

Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition that affects the joints, can also cause bunions. In RA bunions, inflammation and damage to the joint tissues lead to joint deformities, including the formation of bunions. RA bunions may be more severe and progressive compared to structural or acquired bunions and often require specialized treatment approaches.

Bunions can also be associated with bursitis, which is inflammation of the bursa, a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the joint. In bursitis bunions, the bursa adjacent to the bunion becomes inflamed and swollen, causing additional pain and discomfort. Bursitis bunions may develop as a secondary complication of structural or acquired bunions or due to repetitive friction or pressure on the affected area.