Ankle Sprains

Lateral ankle sprains are the most prevalent type, accounting for roughly 85% of all ankle sprains. They occur when the foot abruptly rolls inward (inversion), placing strain on the ligaments situated on the outside of the ankle. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) are often affected. Individuals with lateral ankle sprains typically experience pain, swelling, and instability on the outer side of the ankle, particularly during weight-bearing activities.

Medial ankle sprains, though less common, happen when the foot rolls outward (eversion), leading to ligamentous injury on the inner side of the ankle. The deltoid ligament is the primary structure affected in medial sprains. These injuries may occur concurrently with more severe ankle traumas or high-impact injuries and present with pain, swelling, and weakness on the inner aspect of the ankle.

High ankle sprains involve damage to the syndesmotic ligaments connecting the tibia and fibula bones above the ankle joint. They typically result from excessive external rotation or dorsiflexion of the foot and may cause significant pain and instability in the lower leg. High ankle sprains often necessitate longer recovery times and may coexist with ankle fractures.

Syndesmosis sprains specifically target the syndesmotic ligaments, which provide stability to the ankle joint by holding the tibia and fibula together. They are common among athletes participating in sports involving rapid changes in direction or high-impact activities and can result in pain, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected leg.

Anterior ankle impingement occurs due to compression of soft tissues between the tibia and talus bones at the front of the ankle joint. It can cause pain and limited range of motion, particularly during activities requiring ankle dorsiflexion. This condition often arises from repetitive microtrauma or acute injury and is frequently seen in athletes.